Panorama ”Defense of Sevastopol” description and photo - Crimea: Sevastopol
Panorama "Defense of Sevastopol" description and photo - Crimea: Sevastopol. Detailed information about the attraction. Description, photos and a map showing the nearest significant objects. Photo and descriptionThe Panorama of the Defense of Sevastopol is the most interesting museum object of the large memorial complex dedicated to the heroic defense of this city from the allied forces in 1854-55. during the Crimean War . Despite the fact that it was created more than a hundred years ago, it is a bright and spectacular museum that impresses with its realism. Defense of SevastopolThe siege of Sevastopol by the allies with numerous assault attempts lasted 349 days ... During this time, many military feats were performed, which are still preserved in the memory of people. The fortitude of the city's defenders was unparalleled. The defense was led by admirals V. Kornilov and P. Nakhimov . The main battles unfolded for the Malakhov Kurgan height dominating the city. On June 6, 1855, one of the brightest episodes of the assault took place, when the Russian army was able to repel the attack of the enemy, who was more than twice outnumbered and better armed - the museum's exposition is dedicated to this episode. Sevastopol fell only after of how the fortifications of the Malakhov Kurgan were almost completely destroyed - this happened already in the early autumn of 1855. Franz Roubaud and the creation of the panorama Franz Alekseevich Roubaud came from a French family that had once settled in Russia. He studied painting in Odessa and then in Munich. Roubaud immediately began his career as a battle painter. In the last third of the 19th century, it was a popular genre: there was a public demand for huge monumental canvases that conveyed the course of historical events with photographic accuracy and allowed the viewer to be present at them, as it were. The first paintings of the young battle-painter were dedicated to the events of the war with Persia in 1804-1813, then he painted many paintings about the Caucasian wars for the Tiflis Museum "Temple of Glory." dedicated to the defense of Sevastopol. In 1905, the 50th anniversary of this event was celebrated. A memorial complex was conceived on the Malakhov Kurgan. The new painting was supposed to become the pearl of this complex. Having received the order, F. Roubaud went to Sevastopol to study the places of events, which he had to portray. He made numerous sketches, communicated with still living participants in the events. Some scenes for him were specially staged by local residents dressed in appropriate uniforms. For this, several platoons of soldiers were allocated. In total, Roubaud made several dozen sketches and sketches. A year after starting work on the painting, the artist presented her sketch. the heroic day of June 6, 1855 was chosen as the plot. The sketch was made in ink on a 11-meter paper tape and exhibited in the Winter Palace. It was also confirmed by Nicholas II personally. The main work on the canvas was already carried out in Munich over the next three years. A special pavilion was built near Munich. The huge and durable canvas for the painting was woven at Mommen's Dutch factory. Of course, the artist did not work alone - work on such canvases is generally always done collectively. Roubaud was assisted by the artists Karl Frosch, L. Schenchen, Oskar Merte , as well as several Bavarian students from the Academy of Arts. The diameter of the pavilion was thirty-six meters. The canvas was stretched over strong iron rings, and rails were arranged along the perimeter on which the work sites could be moved. The painting was transported to the place where it was supposed to be located, too. not easy. She was transported on two railway platforms, wound on a fifteen-meter shaft, and the whole carriage was occupied not by picturesque, but by subject parts of the panorama. All this together weighed more than ten tons. After the installation of the picture, commissions sent from St. Petersburg arose to the author ideological issues . For example, the painting depicted Admiral P. Nakhimov , but the commander-in-chief was not depicted. The Russian troops were then commanded by M. Gorchakov . Despite the fact that on the day of the attack on Malakhov Kurgan on June 6 M. Gorchakov was not in this place, they demanded to portray him. Negotiations on the acceptance of the painting were carried out with several commissions, but in the end it was nevertheless accepted - by the fourth commission in May 1905. The painting hung quietly until 1909, and then Nicholas II wished to see it. The canvas was brought to St. Petersburg. Again the question arose about P. Nakhimov. The fact is that despite the fact that P. Nakhimov was a hero of defense, he allowed himself to criticize the decisions of the commander-in-chief, he was distinguished by his willful character, spoke out quite sharply - and therefore did not fit at all into the key characters of the picture. As a result, the admiral's figure was still covered with a cloud of smoke. The painting returned to Sevastopol in an edited form. Saving the panorama during the war In the 1920s, it turned out that the Panorama needed restoration. A former student of Franz Roubaud, an artist M. B. Grekov . Roubaud himself was still alive, but since 1912 he moved to live in Germany, and he did not want to return to the USSR to restore his picture. Mikhail B. Grekov carried out the restoration in 1926. During the restoration, the painting was returned to its original appearance and the figure of Nakhimov was restored. In 1941-42. Sevastopol again became the arena of fierce hostilities. Malakhov Kurgan was subjected to continuous bombing and almost all the objects of the memorial complex in 1905 were destroyed. The question arose about the evacuation of a huge painting, and the evacuation had to be as careful as possible, because in forty years the best Dutch canvas had become dilapidated, and the colors, despite the restoration, began to crumble. While they were looking for ways to get the canvas out of the besieged city, a bomb hit the Panorama building and the painting caught fire. Several officers of the Red Navy heroically carried out the fragments of the Panorama that they managed to save from the fire. A total of 86 fragments were saved. The next night, they sailed away on the destroyer Tashkent to evacuate - this was the last ship to leave the city under continuous German bombardment. In the post-war years, a huge amount of work was done to recreate the canvas. It was impossible to restore the picture in its original form - too many fragments were lost. A whole group of art restorers was organized, led by Academician V. N. Yakovlev . It included N. Kotov, V. Korzhevsky, N. Solomin, and others. They again had to turn to military consultants to restore the lost parts. A detailed plan of all the buildings of the Malakhov Kurgan was created on the day of the summer assault, all the old photographs of both Panorama itself and just the city taken after the city was surrendered were raised. The consultations were carried out by I. Isakov and A. Kuzmin. The nondescript, three-dimensional plan was completely lost - it had to be recreated. It was originally made of clay, so it was dusty and dirty. A new refractory material was created on the basis of glue and plaster. More than a ton of glue and paint went to one primer on a huge new canvas. Young artists were not bound by ideological pressure, so they added a number of new everyday episodes to the picture, dedicated to ordinary soldiers. The new Panorama was inaugurated in October 1954. Panorama building The building itself was built in 1901-1904. on the site of the former 4th bastion . It is a round neoclassical building with wide staircases on the sides. Special niches were made in the walls for busts of heroes of defense. It was built according to the project of F.-O. Enberg and is unique - this is the first building of its kind in Russia. F.-O. Enberg, a military engineer, also took part in the design of the Monument to the Sunken Ships in the Grafskaya Bay. The building was restored in the post-war years according to the project of architect V.P. Petropavlovsky . It was slightly altered - for example, a basement was added to it. Previously, the panorama was cold, but now air conditioning systems were installed here, and the walls and roof were built with insulation. The building was completed by 1954, but was not fully decorated. The reconstructed busts of the heroes of the defense appeared here only in 1974 CurrentlyThe Museum is not limited to the Panorama itself with an observation deck. Here you can see drawings and sketches of the artist F. Roubaud . A separate exposition is devoted to the restoration of the great canvas in the Soviet years, there are many exhibits dedicated to the Crimean War. In front of the Panorama building there is a Historical Park . It contains several 19th century guns in fortifications recreated from concrete, as well as a small exhibition of anchors. The park is decorated with several monuments. There is a monument to the author of "Sevastopol Tales" Leo Tolstoy - he served on the 4th bastion, there is a monument to the engineer E. Totleben , the author of all the fortifications of Sevastopol. A separate memorial sign is dedicated to all the warriors, defenders of the 4th bastion. The park is now equipped with attractions - for example, a observation wheel , from the height of which you can photograph the round building of the Panorama. Franz Roubaud's granddaughter lives in Germany. She also became an artist and wrote prefaces to several museum editions of her grandfather's works. Note:
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